(no
artwork
in this section)
Over a century later,
phantom shadows
Galaxy clusters can contain hundreds of galaxies like the Milky Way,
each with billions of stars,
and are the largest observable organized structures in the universe.
The Big Bang theory predicts
that massive X-ray-emitting clusters of galaxies nearest the Milky Way
should all cast shadows on the microwave background,
because the radiation would originate from behind /beyond them (from the bang).
However, this year (2006) Lieu studied 31 of these galaxy clusters
and found a shadow effect of only about 25% of that predicted by Big Bang
- an amount roughly equal in strength to known
natural variations in the microwave background.!
This means that the microwave source is in front of the clusters.
That is, it cannot be sourced by a Big Bang.
The smooth microwave background radiation,
could be more simply explained by
radiation "fog" produced through
cosmic plasma energy.
neutron ghosts
Pulsars exhibit bursts of X-ray radiation up to thousands of times a second.
To account for this,
a dense super-collapsed object,
spinning up to thousands of times per second,
is postulated - a "neutron star".
It has to be extremely dense to withstand such a high rotation speed.
However, De Luca recently found a so-called neutron star
which is spinning far too slowly for one of its age of 2000 years,
based on its
red shift.
The implication is that red shift
is not a measure of astral age.
and also that neutron stars do not exist.
This is further emphasized by physical chemistry :
Stable nuclei of the known elements have a limit of 1.5 neutrons per proton.
Nuclei that differ significantly from this ratio
spontaneously decay to a more stable form (radioactive emission).
Lone neutrons decay into proton-electron pairs
in less than 14 minutes,
and collections of two or more neutrons
fly apart almost instantaneously.
It is unsupportable to propose stars made up
of solid material consisting only of neutrons !
plasma pinches
If (as recent photographs
seem to show) the universe is
plasmal,
it is most likely (from accepted physical principles)
that the large magnetic fields in galaxies
produce huge electric currents which flow in circuits.
These currents initiate and feed the stars,
which act as electrodes in a galactic glow discharge.
Stars would not be self-contained sources of energy,
but rather formed in a plasma “pinch”,
a common feature of electric currents in a plasma.
Bursts of X-rays at thousands of times a second
do not then have to imply a massively dense spinning source,
and the concepts of the Neutron Star and it's offspring the Black Hole,
which arise from Einstein's Relativity theory,
become redundant.
dark dementia
Observations indicate to most astrophysicists that
there is not nearly enough mass in the universe to hold galaxy clusters
together.
This is simply because gravity
(which is supposed to organize the universe)
is such a weak force.
Instead of questioning the role of gravity (inherited from Einstein),
"dark matter" was invented
-- mass that
can't be seen but "must" be there in order to account
for observed motions of galaxy clusters.!
Likewise "dark energy" (a kind of anti-gravity) is
supposed to explain accelerating universal expansion.
It depends on the interpretation of redshift as a reliable
indicator of velocity in an expanding universe.
(an assumption that is disproved
by recent studies (above) of
De Luca,
Halton Arp, and
others).
Thus, current belief is that only 4% of the universe is “visible” matter.
The other 96%, is composed of dark matter and dark energy.!
This incredible idea is only “necessary” because of the belief that
electromagnetism plays no appreciable role in the organization of cosmic
structure
and the powering of stars.
To call “dark matter” and “dark energy” discoveries,
violates fundamental scientific principle,
which requires a rigorous separation of undisputed observation
from theoretical conjecture.
It has been demonstrated many times that the motion of spiral
galaxies can be achieved through nothing other than
interactions ("pinches") of electric currents in plasma.
Plasma phenomena are scaleable,
producing the same formations irrespective of the size of the event.
The same basic patterns will be seen at laboratory, planetary, stellar, and
galactic levels.
Duration is proportional to size also.
A millisecond spark in the lab could last millions of years at galactic scale.
To get an idea of the scales involved
consider that :
Our nearest star is about 4 million light years away,
which is equivalent to about 37 million return trips to the moon.
(a light year is nearly 6,000,000,000,000 miles).
or
if Earth were 1 inch away from the Sun, it would be about
the size of a bacterium (1/10,000 of an inch across)
and the nearest star would be 4 miles away!
plasma overview
Every energetic object in the universe has a
plasma associated with it.
which produces measurable electromagnetic radiation
(light, x-rays, radio waves, etc).
Stars are gravitationally bound plasmas,
and all of interstellar space is plasma.
Our electrically neutral environment is a rare exception.
However, plasma affects the behaviour of our upper atmosphere,
the stars, interstellar clouds, comets,
intergalactic space, and the auroras.
Plasma starts to show in the ionosphere
(a region of plasma that reflects most radio waves back to Earth).
The plasma here is very thin, with 2 distinctive layers :
the F1 (at about 200 km.) and the F2 (at about 300 - 400 km.).
Closer to earth at about 90-160 km, is the magnetosphere.
Plasma from the Sun (the solar wind)
rushes past Earth at speeds ranging from 300 to 1,000 km per sec.
and some of it penetrates the magnetosphere,
acting like a generator creating electric fields.
These in turn create a general circulation of plasma
around the earth.
One effect of this is seen in the
auroras.
Charged electrons and ions in a
plasma
react to electric and magnetic forces that are 10^36 times stronger than
gravity,
displaying structures and motions that are much more complex
than those found in neutral solids, liquids, or gases.
These currents were much later discovered by an artificial satellite in 1974.
Then in 1979 the Voyager spacecraft
recorded massive Birkeland currents connecting Jupiter and its moon Io.
In 1984 Yusef-Azdeh, Chance, and Morris
found an arc of radio emission
about 120 light-years long near the centre of the Milky Way.
The arc is made up of "narrow" filaments about 3 light-years wide
running its full length.
The associated magnetic field
is 100 times stronger than previously thought possible.
This arc of radio emission is nearly identical in geometry and strength
with computer simulations of Birkeland currents.
So,
A Plasma Universe ?
Plasma cosmology is based on the idea
that that
electromagnetic forces shape the outlines of the universe,
drawing matter close enough together
for gravity to kick in and shape the details.
Deep space is permeated
with giant filaments of electrons and ions
which twist together in space due to electromagnetic forces.
The spiral arms of galaxies
are believed to be visible evidence of this process.
Some of their energy is converted into matter,
eventually producing new
galaxies.
The plasma strands are of immense energy and size,
since a galaxy has about 100 billion stars
and is about 100,000 light years across.
Research into the behaviour
of electrified plasma
explains much that has confounded astrophysicists
who believe in a "mathematically derived, gravity- based, universe".
Among these are :
- lightning-like bursts of high-energy radiation;
- x-ray sources, often paired across active galaxies
along their spin axes, whose redshifts decrease
stepwise with distance away from the galaxy.
- "disturbed" and "peculiar" dwarf galaxies and
low-luminosity spirals.
*
so
" Bang! Bang!
", Big Bang. ?
TOP
The plasma universe is built on extrapolation to at least 1028 times.
That is, the observed behaviour of plasma in a laboratory
is believed to also occur at the huge scale of galaxy clusters,
since plasma phenomena are scaleable.
In place of weak gravity, the plasma universe assumes
that strong electric and magnetic forces are dominant in space,
an idea that seems far more tenable than
the currently held ideas based on Relativity theory.
*
©2006 bob harbinson
and Silver Pipe Productions S.A.
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